Motorcycle Helmet law debate Essay

Across the United States, every year millions of license drivers choose to ride motorcycles rather than drive automobiles for a variety of reasons; Reasons range from individual pleasure to a much more cost effective way to travel. The universal motorcycle helmet law debate over the past forty years has revolved around whether the federal government should adopt a universal helmet law that mandates all motorcyclists to wear helmets at all times when riding to reduce societies economic cost, or whether the individual rider should have the right to choose rather to wear or not wear a helmet. In 1967, nearly all States implemented a mandatory universal helmet law in order to receive federal funds to repair and improve our Interstate Highways. Once the 1966 National Highway Safety Act was imposed, the history of motorcycle helmet legislation began. Americans have continuously debated over the balance between an individual’s rights, the best interest of the public and when the government should take measures to protect the people of the United States from harm. Four out of five Americans are in support of a universal helmet law, yet motorcyclists represent only about two percent of all registered vehicles in the United States (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 2008). This suggest that a majority of supporters are either not motorcycle owners and/or seemed to have taken a utilitarianism cost and benefits analysis approach, which according to Michael Sandel â€Å"many argue, that a weakness in utilitarianism is that it fails to respect individual rights. † Supporters believe that wearing a motorcycle helmet protects riders’ by preventing serious head injuries and lowers mortality rates, which results in society saving an immense deal of economic cost, such as taxes, insurance premiums and government funded healthcare expenses. Non-supporters, including myself a registered motorcycle owner, argue that a universal helmet law is unconstitutional, as it violates our right to â€Å"Freedom of Choice† as written in our Bill of Rights. Despite the tremendous amount of statistics, that claim motorcycle helmets may reduce head injuries and lower fatalities, as of now only twenty States and the District of Columbia currently have and enforce a universal motorcycle helmet law, twenty-seven States that do enforce partial motorcycle helmet laws that are directed at riders under a certain age (usually 18) and three States (Illinois, Iowa, and New Hampshire) still currently have no helmet laws in use (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 2008). In order to have a better understanding of the ratiocination of the universal motorcycle helmet law, you have to know the history of the legislation of the universal motorcycle helmet law. The beginning of motorcycle helmet legislation in the United States was when the 1966 National Highway Safety Act was originally created to generate additional federal funding to States for our Interstate Highway System. However, in order for the States to receive funding, the federal government placed stipulations that influenced States to comply with safety laws that the federal government wanted to be in place. If the States did not comply, they would lose these funds (see Note: a, b, c, d and e in Figure 1, Homer, Jenny and French, Michael 416. ) Prior to 1966, only three States (New York, Massachusetts, and Michigan) had motorcycle helmet use laws, even though motorcycle helmet usage began as early the 1920’s by Motorcycle racers as a form of protection (Jones, Marian Moser, and Ronald Bayer 209). By 1967, after the federal standard for State Highway Safety Programs was implemented requiring States to have a universal motorcycle helmet law in effect in order to qualify for additional federal funds; All but three States (California, New Hampshire and Illinois) complied by implementing and enforcing a universal helmet law that required all motorcycle riders to wear helmets, so they would qualify to receive the additional Interstate Highway funding. Then, By 1975, 47 states and the District of Columbia had adopted universal helmet laws. This trend reversed dramatically in the latter half of 1975 when Congress acquiesced to the pressure exerted by groups such as ABATE, and amended the Act to remove the contingency of federal highway funds on universal helmet laws. The amendment led to the repeal of universal coverage in 27 states shortly thereafter (Derrick, Allison J. , and Lee D. Faucher 229). Between 1989 and 1994, Congress once again began to try and influence the States to mandate a universal motorcycle helmet law by implementing the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991, also known as ISTEA. ISTEA provided special â€Å"incentive† grants to states with both universal motorcycle helmet laws and passenger vehicle safety belt use laws. A state qualified for a first-year grant by having these two laws in effect. In subsequent years, the state also was required to exceed minimum motorcycle helmet and safety belt use levels (helmet use of 75 percent in the second year and 85 percent in the third year). Twenty-three states and the District of Columbia received grants for one or more of the fiscal years 1992, 1993, and 1994 for which the grants were authorized (R. G. Ulmer and D.F. Preusser 5). The ISTEA Act was much more effect on the universal safety belt law rather than the universal helmet laws; States were more successful in implementing and convincing Americans to comply with safety seat belt laws rather than a universal motorcycle helmet law. I agree with Charles Umbenhauer of USA Today who believes â€Å"Unlike seat belts, helmets represent a separate purchase. Helmet laws, on the other hand, are a manifestation of society’s belief that its members lack the wisdom to make decisions about personal safety and must therefore be subjected to arbitrary laws. † Between 1995 and 2001, Congress implemented the National Highway System Designation Act. This Act repealed the ISTEA largely in response to lobbying by the educated and very organized motorcycle groups, such as American Motorcycle Association â€Å"AMA,† Motorcycle Riders Foundation, and American Bikers Aimed Toward Education â€Å"ABATE†. The lobbying of these groups resulted in five States (Arkansas, Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana and Texas) repealing their universal helmet requirements. According to the Congressional Record- Senate on June 20, 1995 that after very much debate over mandating a universal motorcycle helmet law, US Congress decided that States would be required to implement motorcycle rider education programs instead of a universal helmet law to receive funding. Congress acted in accordance to Aristotle belief that â€Å"Legislators make the citizens good by forming habits in them, and this is the wish of every legislator, and those who do not effect it miss their mark, and it is this that a good constitution differs from a bad one† (Sandel, Michael 198). Of the current thirty States that allow adult riders to choose rather they prefer to wear helmets or not, three States require the rider must be 18 years or older; Five States require the rider must be 21 years or older; The remaining nineteen States have other stipulations that require riders to either complete motorcycle training courses, have a helmet in possession, but not required to wear the helmet and/or a minimum of $10,000. 00 of medical insurance that is specifically for injuries resulting from motorcycle crashes (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 2008). In November 2010, supporters led by safety groups and the insurance industry began to lobby that all States that currently do not have and/or enforce a universal motorcycle helmet law should implement a universal motorcycle helmet law; Aristotle would have most likely supported this act, as he stated â€Å"The purpose of politics is nothing less than to enable people to develop their distinctive human capacities and virtues—to deliberate about the common good, to acquire practical judgment, to share in self-government, to care for the fate of the community as a whole† (Sandel, Michael 194). While on the other hand, universal helmet law opponents like Congressman Jim Sensenbrenner that stated: It is the job of Congress to defend the freedom and individual responsibilities that motorcycle riders across the nation enjoy as they travel the open roads of America,† and â€Å"Mr. Strickland’s plan greatly concerns me as it is not the job of the federal government to create one-size- fits-all helmet laws. Mr. Strickland appears to be intent on pursuing all means possible to enact mandatory helmet laws either at the federal level or by violating the principles of the 10th Amendment and bullying the States into enacting mandatory helmet laws. Motorcyclists under the leadership of very organized motorcycle groups in the United States, since 1967 have continued to lobbying for repeal in the twenty States that currently have a universal helmet law. Most Americans agree there is a need to create laws that set limits and regulations in order to have a civilized society; However, motorcyclist believe this can be done without the government violating our individual â€Å"Freedom of Choice†, which allows a person to decide to take risks as long as they are only risking their own person and their property. According to libertarian theory of rights, Even if riding a motorcycle without a helmet is reckless, and even if helmet laws save lives and prevent devastating injuries, libertarians argue that such laws violate the rights of an individual to decide what risks to assume. As long as no third parties are harmed, and as long as motorcycle riders are responsible for their own medical bills, the state has no rights to dictate what risks they may take with their bodies and lives (Sandel, Michael 60). Despite the overwhelming evidence, some motorcyclists (including myself) refuse to wear helmets all the time when riding and oppose universal helmet laws because universal helmet laws represent government interference and these laws impede an individual’s â€Å"Freedom of Choice. † Most Americans would agree that wearing a motorcycle helmet is probably one of the safest pieces of protective outerwear when riding a motorcycle, but opponents of a universal helmet law, are disagreeing with the idea that the government should not mandate laws that take away an individual’s right to choose what to wear based on the Ninth Amendment: The Ninth Amendment [to the US Constitution] says no law shall be enacted that regulates the individual’s freedom to choose his personal actions and mode of dress so long as it does not in any way affect the life, liberty, and happiness of others. We are being forced to wear a particular type of apparel because we choose to ride motorcycles (Jones, Marian Moser, and Ronald Bayer 212). The United States Constitution is the foundation for the laws written in the United States. Our â€Å"founding fathers† created the constitution to establish a government for the people of the United States of America, but it does not grant you individual rights. The Bill of Rights was created to grant and protector your individual rights by limiting powers of government. A universal helmet law is an act of means ends paternalism based on Immanuel Kant’s distinction made between hypothetical and categorical imperatives. â€Å"Means-ends paternalism mirrors a hypothetical imperative, because it essentially takes the form of requiring people to do things that will lead to the satisfaction of their own goals. † States Legislatures have passed a universal motorcycle helmet law in the past and justified by claiming it would prevent people from exposure of serious head injury, which would cause financial and emotional harm to others, not just to the riders. Those who continue to support and lobby for a universal helmet law, make the claim that helmets are effective in reducing head injuries, which society bears the costs of non-helmet riders’ injuries, thereby establishing a public interest. By requiring the rider to use reasonable safety equipment, such as a motorcycle helmet, it prevents harm to others, not just to the motorcyclist. If the motorcyclist chooses not to wear a helmet, they may increase the risk that when an accident occurs, it could possible result in more severe injuries. The riders is guarantee government funded medical assistant under the United States Constitution, so the costs of those accidents will become a burden not only on the riders, but also on taxpayers, because not all riders have sufficient insurance or savings to pay for all of their medical expenses. According to John Stuart Mill, â€Å"subject to background duties of justice and fair contribution, state coercion is justified only to prevent or punish acts causing harms to other persons, not harms to self. Harm to others can be found in almost any type of behavior; indirect harm is subject to limitless expansion. Those who support apparently paternalistic policies identify superficial harms to others, such as financial burdens associated with risky behaviors. † Examples of this type of behavior would be the costs of emergency response and health care for injuries that could have possibility been prevented by wearing a motorcycle helmet. According to NHTSA Report to Congress regarding the Benefits of Safety Belts and Motorcycle Helmets society would be able to save cost by mandating a universal helmet law. An analysis of linked data from CODES with universal helmet laws showed that without the helmet law, the total extra inpatient charges due to brain injury would have almost doubled from $2,325,000 to $4,095,000; A number of studies have compared hospital costs for helmeted and un-helmeted motorcyclists involved in traffic crashes. These studies have revealed that un-helmeted riders involved in crashes are less likely to have insurance and more likely to have higher hospital costs than helmeted riders involved in similar crashes; Estimates that motorcycle helmet use saved $1. 3 billion in 2002 alone and an additional $853 million would have been saved if all motorcyclists involved in fatal crashes had worn helmets; Estimates that motorcycle helmet use saved $19. 5 billion in economic costs from 1984 through 2002 and an additional $14. 8 billion would have been saved if all motorcyclists had worn helmets during the same period; CODES study also found that brain injury cases were more than twice as costly as non-brain injury cases for the one-year period studied. Among the un-helmeted motorcycle inpatients, charges for those suffering brain injuries were 2. 25 times higher than for those without brain injuries. Long-term costs were not included. (See EXHIBIT 13 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 1996). Both sides of the debate present strong arguments that support their reasoning’s regarding a universal motorcycle helmet law. Supporters of a Universal motorcycle helmet law continually argue that, a universal helmet law would save not only health care costs; it would in addition also lower taxes, insurance rates and save lives according to NHTSA’s reports. Meanwhile, those who oppose a universal motorcycle helmet law believe â€Å"Despite the strong evidence implicating repeal of helmet use laws as the cause of the large recent increases in fatally injured motorcyclists, the American Motorcyclist Association claimed that â€Å"after an examination of available current data on motorcycle accidents, fatalities, registration and licensure, in addition to such relevant topics as weather conditions, we find that the NHTSA [was] altogether premature in its judgment . . . â€Å"in faulting the widespread repeal of helmet use laws. ’ The Motorcycle Safety Foundation has also recently suggested that the NHTSA has selected information supporting helmet use laws and disregarded information to the contrary† (Watson, Geoffrey S. , Paul L. Zador, and Alan Wilks 580). NHTSA, the insurance industry, and motorcyclist groups use FARS and GES Auxiliary Datasets, which are one-to-one mappings of the Accident, Vehicle, and Person files. When conducting research you have the ability to analyze the data in either its full detail as coded or only the data you want to, it depends on the safety issue that is being questioned and the results that you which to obtain, which can led to biases results. By passing a universal motorcycle helmet law, the Federal Government is suggesting that the average adult motorcyclist does not have enough common sense to make their own choices, therefore they are required to mandate or should I say dictate proper behavior for a motorcyclist. The best solution is to educate both motorcyclist and automobile drivers through safety training that will help prevent motorcycle accidents, rather than mandating a universal motorcycle helmet law that only violates the rights of the motorcyclist right to choice or not to choice to wear a helmet. It is the history of motorcycle legislation debate that demonstrates to me, American motorcyclist have placed a value on their â€Å"Freedom of Choice† and have been successful over the past four decades communicating that they value their â€Å"Freedom of Choice† to the government; For that I am thankful. Motorcyclists in general, enjoy the sense of freedom that we associate with riding and by passing a universal motorcycle helmet law it would strip away that sensation from us. As, when I am riding a motorcycle without a helmet my senses come alive, that includes my sense of freedom! It is the power of the sun warming my skin, the touch of the cooling breeze across my face, the aroma of the salty ocean air or the giant redwoods, the sound of thunder roaring beneath me, which allows me to have the sense of flying freely. Works Cited Derrick, Allison J. , and Lee D.Faucher. â€Å"Motorcycle helmets and rider safety: A legislative crisis. † Journal of Public Health Policy 30. 2 (2009): 226-242. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 23 Oct. 2011 Homer, Jenny, and Michael French. â€Å"Motorcycle Helmet Laws in the United States from 1990 to 2005: Politics and Public Health. † American Journal of Public Health 99. 3 (2009): 415-423. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 12, Oct. 2011. Hope Gilbert, Neil Chaudhary, Mark Solomon, David Preusser, Linda Cosgrove, â€Å"Evaluation of the reinstatement of the helmet law in Louisiana,† DOT HS 810 956. Washington DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (May 2008) Web 22, Oct. 2011, www. NHTSA. dot. gov. Houston, David J. , and Lilliard E. Richardson Jr. â€Å"Motorcycle Safety and the Repeal of Universal Helmet Laws. † American Journal of Public Health 97. 11 (2007): 2063-2069. Business Source Premier. EBSCO. Web. 12 Oct. 2011. Jones, Marian Moser, and Ronald Bayer. â€Å"Paternalism & Its Discontents. † American Journal of Public Health 97. 2 (2007): 208-217. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 20 Oct. 2011. Jim Sensenbrenner Representative. â€Å"Sensenbrenner introduces resolution to defend the rights of motorcycle riders. † FDCH Press Releases (n. d. ): Military & Government Collection. EBSCO. Web. 20 Oct. 2011. Sullum, Jacob. â€Å"Freedom Riders. † Reason 37. 6 (2005): 40. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Web. 01 Oct. 2011. Charles C. , Umbenhauer. â€Å"It’s our right to decide. † USA Today n. d. : Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 01 Oct. 2011. R. G. Ulmer and D. F. Preusser. â€Å"Evaluation of the Repeal of Motorcycle Helmet Laws in Kentucky and Louisiana,† DOT HS 809 530 Washington DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (October 2003) Web 12, Oct. 2011, www. NHTSA. dot. gov. Sandel, Michael. â€Å"Justice: What’s the Right Thing to do? † New York, Farrar, Straus, and Groux, 2009. United States Department of Transportation. National Health Traffic Safety. â€Å"Report to Congress: Benefits of Safety Belts and Motorcycle Helmets: DOT HS 808 347, Washington DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (February 1996) Web 2, Oct. 2011, www. NHTSA. dot. gov. United States Department of Transportation. National Health Traffic Safety. â€Å"Traffic Safety Facts: DOT HS 810 887W, Washington DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (January 2008) Web 12, Oct. 2011, www. NHTSA. dot. gov. Watson, Geoffrey S. , Paul L. Zador, and Alan Wilks. â€Å"The Repeal of Helmet Use Laws and Increased Motorcyclist Mortality In the United States, 1975-1978. † American Journal of Public Health 70. 6 (1980): 579. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 4 Oct. 2011.

Animal Abuse Essay

Taking a stand against animal abuse In today’s society people tend to turn to a blind eye to the animal abuse that occurs every day in America, whether it is by their decision to support certain companies that use animals for experimentation or choosing to be neglectful to animal abuse. Animal Cruelty is a big problem today, anyone could help stop it by adopting animals from shelters, rescuing animals or reporting problems like people leaving animals in hot cars or leaving them in their backyard without food or water.Helping animals is really easy you can do something as simple as checking A random dog you see for tags, and if you see that it has no tags then you should most likely take it to an animal shelter somewhere nearby, or you could do something like checking for abusive signs on animals, you could look how their living environment is and see if it’s an healthy environment for that animal to live in, Check for burns hair loss or any other abusive signs on the an imals skin or coat, and if you see these signs on the animal make sure you know who to call as in the animal shelter or the police to get it taken care of so that problem can be dealt with.Adopting animals is a great way to help with problems like this you could do something like going to an animal shelter and looking for an abused animal in need that you could take care of so you could bring it home and give it the love it deserves instead of getting abused, or if you saw a stray dog that looks hungry and lonely you could take it in to your home and take care of it or if you didn’t want to take it with you, something else you could do is bring it down to an animal shelter so someone else could adopt it and take care of the animal, Animal abuse isn’t a hard thing to handle you could do something as easy as checking inside hot cars to check if people left their animal inside to adopting an animal from a shelter to rescuing or taking in stray animals, every year 1,654,54 5,000,000 animals are killed from animal cruelty.Animal cruelty is wrong in so many ways and it an a big Epidemic that needs to be stopped it anyone can easily help by doing some of these things and it is not all that hard to do simple things like checking cars or looking at an animals skin is really fast and simple and all you would have to do is report it so many animals are abused every year and if someone were to do these things it would greatly help. Animal Cruelty in today’s world is becoming a growing problem; I myself have gone and become a helping hand in preventing Animal Cruelty by Helping, Check, and Adopting AnimalsDoing these things can really help prevent Animal abuse this is how I stand against Animal abuse.

Audit Assurance and Compliance of luxury travel holiday Free Samples

A self-interest threat and advocacy threat may arise when the auditor is been asked to promote the organization and auditor put it’s personal, financial and self-interest in decision making. All this unethical behavior will influence the professional judgment and overall affect the auditor independence. As per the given situation, LTH providing self-interest and advocacy threat to CJI of reappointment only after promoting LTH business in next travel agency seminar (ACCA, RELEVANT TO ACCA QUALIFICATION PAPER P7 , 2012). To show sincerity towards audit firm and create long relationship in anticipation of smooth audit, Gifts and hospitality were offered by the client to a member of the audit team which gave rise to self-interest threat. There is a issue in particular circumstance because the offer of gifts influences the auditor judgment in favor of the client that might create an unethical and a bias audit observation and affect the overall auditor independence. As per the given situation of LTD, threat exists for CJI firm as its members judgment is influenced by accepting a free offer of free 14 days holiday package voucher to the Greek isles for both Geoff’s and his family (ACCA, RELEVANT TO ACCA QUALIFICATION PAPER P7 , 2012). This circumstance occurs when in case there is a situation where the person related with the audit assignment or the partner of the audit firm has a personal relationship with any key personal of the company in which the auditor is working out audit assignments. This will create certain threats related to self interest factors of the auditor. As in the particular case audit team member might be more sympathetic towards the client and make a decision in accordance with the benefit close family member personal interest. As per the given situation there might be a biased auditor judgment because Michael is having close family relationship with LTH financial controller. When any non-audit service such as tax calculation and accounting entries performed by any auditor or by any person from the audit team influence the audit professional judgment and overall affect the audit independence as per the given situation Annette being the member of audit team helping the client in tax calculation and accounting entries affects the auditor judgment. Reviewing the self inputted transaction will affect the auditor’s independence as he will not try to observe errors and frauds in the work done by him or any other member of the audit team (Kaplan, 2012). Safeguard are the various measure available to CJI being get protected. They shall be the applied against the threat faced by professional to eliminate them in an acceptable manner. CJI has identified various safeguard of each threat in given situation Note - If the above safeguard cannot be reduced the auditor should withdraw from the engagement Business risks are certain hazards on happening of which might enhance the vulnerability of the enterprise. The business risk in MSL are the factors that could prevent and hinder the organizational goal and objective the ultimate business risk among the various risk faced by the organization is the risk that seizes to be a going concern. Therefore company faces various risks factors that might contribute towards business failure examples of business risk include- In the particular case study the current organsiation has its business of manufacturing and selling the equipment and spare parts which are handful in doing the mining jobs. MSL has operational centers in Perth, Newcastle, and Mt. Isa.   Warehouses the equipment and spare parts and provide for sales and maintenance services. An auditor with Crampton and Hasaad has found various audit risk while auditing the financial statement of MSL (ACCA, ANSWERING AUDIT RISK QUESTIONS, 2015). There is a great probability that the auditor associated with the business enterprise might lack in the decision making and states an inappropriate opinion towards the enterprise financial statements. Auditor will access inherent risk, control risk and accordingly find the level of audit risk materiality enables the auditor to apply procedure which can support his opinion that is higher the materiality level, higher will be materiality level, higher the need of audit evidence and lower will be the audit risk thus there is inverse relationship between audit materiality and audit risk. Also, there exists inverse relationship among risk of material misstatement and detection risk as higher the level of risk of misstatement lower will be the detection risk and vice versa. When there is lack of internal control environment in the current business establishment it will give rise to the associated inherent risk. When auditor is required to enhance its judgment skills to give an appropriate decision there can be a instance that auditor might misses out to ascertain material facts, this will give rise to the inherent risk (simplified, 2013). Control risk arises when related internal control in MSL exists but ineffective or in other words, we can say that when absence or failure in the operation of the relevant control of the entity results in amaterial misstatement in the financial statement. Assessment of control risk is higher if financial statement is prepared by individual who don’t have necessary technical knowledge of accounting and finance (simplified, 2013). Situation of detection risk arise when in situation there are certain material miss-statements and auditor fails to disclose in its opinion report due to lack of determination and skills in identifying it. The auditor may apply proper policies and procedure to detect a material misstatement in financial statement arising due to omission, fraud, and error. Detection risk can be reduced or controlled by auditor if it increase the number of sample transaction for detailed (simplified, 2013). ACCA. (2015).Answering Audit Risk Questions Retrieved April 20, 2017, from https://www.accaglobal.com/in/en/student/exam-support-resources/fundamentals-exams-study-resources/f8/technical-articles/audit-risk0.html ACCA. (2012). Relevant To Acca Qualification Paper P7 . Retrieved April 20, 2017, from https://www.accaglobal.com/content/dam/acca/global/PDF-students/2012s/sa_nov12_p7_ethics.pdf IRELAND, C. (2014). Provision Of Accounting Services To An Audit Client.Example Of Threats And Safeguards. Retrieved April 20, 2017, from Certified Public Accountants: https://www.cpaireland.ie/members/technical-resource/ethics/ethical-standards-for-auditors/accounting-services-examples-of-threats-and-safeguards Kaplan. (2012). The Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants. Retrieved April 20, 2017, from https://kfknowledgebank.kaplan.co.uk/KFKB/Wiki%20Pages/The%20Code%20of%20Ethics%20for%20Professional%20Accountants.aspx simplified, A. (2013). Audit Risk Model, Inherent Risk, Control Risk & Detection Risk. Retrieved April 20, 2017, from https://accounting-simplified.com/audit/risk-assessment/audit-risk.html Getting academic assistance from

Crosby Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crosby - Case Study Example Livingston assured that he would be monitoring the entire project and would be organising meetings for feedback. Discussion whether or not Livingston's selection of Emary as project manager was a mistake Tim Emary had expertise in the areas of scheduling and he was a competent planner. However he did not belong to any of the departments like the EDP department, the functional department or the project management departments. Thus, the instance becomes an unusual one where the project manager does not come from these departments and hence problem may arise. The problem behind selection of Emary was that he might not be able to deal with the problems that the company may come across while the project is on. If someone from these departments had been appointed these problems would not have occurred and hence appointing the right person for the management of projects is essential. In every project, a hierarchy is maintained in the management which depends on the project size, the sub pro jects under each project and different individuals would be required to do the supervise these undertakings. Now for each segment of the project different project managers should be employed who have their specific skills. But in this particular case a unique project manager is appointed and hence he may not be able to deliver and monitor so many tasks at the same time. Even if he had expertise in all the areas like computers or EDP or other functions it might have been feasible but Livingston himself admitted that he knew nothing about any of the segments of the project and hence his appointment is basically unfavourable for the successful execution of the project. Livingston should have appointed someone who had experience and basic knowledge about computers, MIS or EDP as well as good in delivering projects on time. The possible reaction of the functional employees to the appointment of Emary as project manager The functional employees would naturally react adversely to this situ ation. They would feel less motivated to work in the project because of this new entrant in the entire project scenario. They would be less committed to the duties that they would be assigned. However, they would not contradict the decision that their president has imposed on them but they might start non cooperation in their daily work and might dishonour the instructions that Emary might put to them. Slowly this will result in the deterioration of the quality of the project. Since Emary has been brought into the project as a scheduler and an expert in delivering projects on time, the employees might try to find out ways to make the pace in which the project is taking place sluggish only to prove in an indirect way that the president’s decision was wrong. They might also waste resources or not properly utilise the resources to make the project costly with the same motive in their minds. However, this kind of insufficiency in a project that is high-value can be expensive for the company both financially as well as the long lost reputation that the company aims at regaining. Impact of cost and time constraints on networking techniques and project schedules Execution of a high value project requires implementation of proper networking techniques like PERT, CPM etc. in order to schedule the entire activity in a time based way and find of the

Technological and cultural determinism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Bonaventures art - Christian artists Assignment

Bonaventures art - Christian artists - Assignment Example The essay "Bonaventure’s art - Christian artists" discovers Christian artists and focuses on the art of Bonaventure. Bonaventure strived to have a personal meeting with Francis’ companions; still alive as early as in 1260. Although Bonaventure really sought for the Saint’s companions, it is hard for one to conclude that Bonaventure’s intention was to present a trustworthy figure of Francis the Saint. A school of theology has argued that Bonaventure’s effort was to realize a theological history, that made him an icon of Francis’ background; this was the Bonaventure’s intended paint; â€Å"a stigmatized saint.† Additionally, Bonaventure brings out Francis as the founder of â€Å"a new religious order.† He also presents a conformity image between Francis the Saint and Christ. According to Bonaventure, St.Francis had a visionary experience while praying on top of a mountain in alone. During the experience, St.Francis was impr inted the wounds of Christ at the crucifixion; Christ’s wounds were referred to as the stigmata, while the experience the stigmatization. Consequently, Bonaventure a Franciscan’s leader wrote about St.Francis, and thereby making St.Francis canonical. This piece of work can also be analyzed by dividing it into three sections: foreground, middle-ground, and the background. Every figure, symbolically communicates to the observer. Additionally, the positioning of each figure is an important attribute of the artist. The wall painting and the panel painting reveal similar features.

System thinking- Soft system model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

System thinking- Soft system model - Essay Example The losses of misunderstanding between urgent & important very from situation to situation, if one has misjudged between two at leadership level in an organization the cost bear might be in total loss of customer and finally organization might be out of business in long term. The benefits accumulated at short term cannot be compared at benefits in the long term, its just like to differentiate between the two is URGENT & IMPORTANT. Sometime we follow urgency at managerial level in an organization ,the tasks like telephone ,mails, urgent inquiries, unexpected customer problems, some employees emerging issues compel even a wise manager towards urgency. Whereas the most important and long term tasks are neglected at the expense of urgent tasks. Keeping in view the all emerging situation and keeping an eye on future the wise leaders of five hundred top multinational companies not only spent an isolated time for planning, long term setting of goals, different roles, models, forecast time e stimation and calculating risk factors (Gomez, 2008, pp.20). Even top leading companies in business plan a certain period for their managers at recreational place where they come closer to leading work force and help them to understand the long-term and important goals and roles to achieve these goals. It has been observed that cost of this trip at organization and the result achieved due to this recreational trip was one of important factor for understanding the difference between urgent & important tasks, Major one- important, minor one - urgent In all the areas of business universe one has to clear cut make a difference between urgent and important, so he/she should set in his mind in such a wise way giving IMPORTANT as major one and URGENT as minor one. This coding in back of his mind will act as driving force in certain crucial situation, which normally appears as tough or hard situation for others .It has observed that world leading lot in the world of business or in the world of politics apply same coding in their mind that's why tough is not tough for this minor lot of leaders. Gardening is one of important example to understand between URGENT& IMPORTANT, ONE WHO SOW SEED,WATER THEM, REMOVE HERBS,USE PESTICIDE HAS GOOD PRODUCE WHEREAS ONE WHO NEGLECT THESE FACTOR HAS BAD PRODUCE. Similarly one who has been brought up in a principled way or harbored these traits in himself is one who will be in a capacity to make clear cut distinction between urgent and important tasks in life. One cannot focus these tasks at business l evel, we have to distinguish at all level what is urgent and what is important in decision making. Choice of metaphors and relevance of important and urgent : Both the situation are important but some are of urgent need, depending upon end result requirement of the organization. The managers and even supervisors have to deal all these important as well as urgent situations at daily basis level, keeping in view the long

Correctional Theory in General & Nontraditional Onces Research Paper

Correctional Theory in General & Nontraditional Onces - Research Paper Example Nontraditional strategies like Electronic Home Monitoring and Day reporting have garnered prevalence in the judicial system. They are aimed at reducing the judicial expenditure and enhancing rehabilitation into the community. Analysis of recidivism and educational and vocational results illustrates the effectiveness of these strategies compared to traditional correction strategies. Introduction Criminal offenders are members of the societal system who needs protection and care from the very society that they threaten. For this reason, correction facilities such prisons and juvenile correction centers have been established to help in changing the offenders from their criminal ways into responsible and productive members of the society. Correction of offenders is essential to ensure that they refrain from their criminal endeavors and also to enhance a safer community where no one is threatened by their presence. Sociologists and criminology scholars have advanced various theories, both traditional and non-traditional to explain the evolution and importance of correction systems. Each of these theories has been advanced to support various goals and objectives of the correction process. The goals include advancing the principle of cost effectiveness and reducing rates of recidivism. Prevalent Competing Theories of Correction Rehabilitative strategy is one of the prevalent theories of correction. Rehabilitation is aimed at making the community a better place to live by changing the mindset of the offender and eliminating the factors that make an offender engage in crime. It is also aimed at reintegrating the offenders back into the community rather than eliminating them and excluding them due to their acts. Rehabilitative strategy is all round as it not only changes the individual, but also changes the society from which the individual lives. It is a strategy aimed at completely eradicating the proponents of criminal behavior (Cullen and Gendreau, 2000). Boot camp ( Shock incarceration) strategy as the name suggests is a correction strategy that resembles martial indispensable training. This correction program entails manual labor, emphasizes on forceful physical bustle, and any activity that was aimed at reducng free time that the inmates might have. This strategy also implies strict rules as pertains to the appearance and the conduct of the inmates. Intense verbal techniques are also utilized by the correctional officers, aimed at constructive changes by shuttering the in mates resistance (Parent, 2003). Difference in the Goals of these Correction Strategies Goals of rehabilitative strategy Firstly, it attributed breaking of the law to social and psychological factors that led the individual to breaking the law and these factors needed to be dealt with in a personalized approach. Secondly, it aimed at changing the factors that led each offender to committing crime. In addition, the rehabilitative program was aimed at individualizing the corre ction of each offender on a case after case basis. Consequently, this correctional approach aimed at incorporating discretion in the imposition of sanctions to offenders (Cullen and Gendreau, 2000). Goals of boot camps (shock incarceration) strategy Boot camps as strategies of correction had three main goals. To begin with, they were aimed at reducing operational cost. Consequently, they were aimed at reducing prison populations. They were also aimed at reducing recidivism (Parent,

Students should identify a current issue in the Australian news media Essay

Students should identify a current issue in the Australian news media relating centrally to some aspect of Australian employment - Essay Example The article is more vividly focused on the status of children of Australia, who are ridden of maternal love and care due to the weak employment relation law of Australian government. The article shows that Australia lags behind some of the developing countries on employment relations issue, which is a shame on the country’s prestige. The article argues that the maternity leave provision of the country is weak and this reflects on the health and wellbeing of Australian children. The author has put down some major points in this article, which conveys the government’s concern over the rights of women, and the health and wellbeing of the future generation. The article review The author has put great effort in the introductory part of the article, as it starts with the ill status of Australian mothers comparing to those of the other developed countries. This is an extremely attractive factor as it catches the mind of the readers, as they are interested in knowing the core i ssue of the article. This introductory part of the article is literally credible since the well acknowledged advocacy group is highlighting the fact. The author has taken interest in providing some statistical facts about other countries when in comparison with Australia, and the place of the latter in the mother index ranking. Here the two parties involved in the employment relation issue are the Australian government and female employees of the country. The article in the later part introduces facts delivered by the established organization Save the Children which adds to the luster and credibility of the article. The Save the Children organization argues that government is less responsible and has shown negligence in implementing right for women employees regarding maternity leave. The article claims that Australia provides only 18 weeks of maternity leave for women employees, which, when compared with other developed countries, is low. As per Leslie (2012), â€Å"Probably one o f the factors that's bringing us down the most is our paid parental leave scheme. It's recently introduced this year, 18 weeks at a flat rate," spokeswoman Nicole Cardinal said. Such quoting by the author in the article assures the readers that the information delivered is accurate and genuine. Apart from its strength, the article also has some obvious negative aspects which can be presented clearly. The main demerit of the article is that it is small and precise. The author has not put much effort to present more statistical facts about the pathetic state of women in Australia, who are denied maternity leave. The article, moreover, is not casting enough light upon the government’s role in uplifting the employment rights of women in Australia. Here, in the article, the concentration is more on the arguments and suggestion of one organization which is the Save the Children group. This is disadvantageous as the readers must be given a good chance to contemplate on the ideas and perception of other organizations and Government on this matter. Problem Solution and Recommendation The main problem focused here is the ignorance of Australian govern

Digital Tools That Increase Academic Success For The Adult Learner Research Paper

Digital Tools That Increase Academic Success For The Adult Learner - Research Paper Example In laymans terms, a digital tool can be defined as computer software, hardware or internet-based systems that support the learning process. A study conducted by Power and Thomas (2007) aimed at investigating how the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) affects learning among teachers showed that laptops and handheld computers enhanced their professional development. In this study, Power and Thomas (2007) asserts that the respondents reported that continued use of these tools improved efficiency as they could study at a place and time of their convenience. These computers were fitted with other supporting tools that allowed them to take pictures to support their lessons, plan their lessons at home and subsequently transfer the course plans to school computers, and could also create audios for use in teaching (Power and Thomas, 2007). In this regard, digital tools enhance adult learning through ensuring easier planning of learning activities. Facebook, as a digital tool is important in adult learning as learners today connect with friends through social sites such as facebook and Blogger. Sara, an adult 18 year old college student cited by Bhatt (2012) affirmed the use Facebook to communicate with her classmates on issues associated with her course. Other digitals tools she asserts to use for support in learning for discussing with friends and classmates include her Gmail account and Blogs (Bhatt, 2012). Facebook, as a digital tool can also be used to communicate directly with other learners particularly through video links and can therefore be beneficial for sharing ideas, conducting discussions, and sharing posts relating to course materials. By supporting discussions, digitals tools enhance adult learning through information sharing. Communications and discussions relating to course materials in social sites are made possible by the internet. According to

One girl one dream Essay Example for Free

One girl one dream Essay This knew that this wasnt the end of the man, he would be back, but next time I will hopefully be a bit more prepared. Eleza is that you? Cried a soft voice Mum? Mum is that you? I didnt think it was possible Eleza I knew you would come back she replied I have to go mum sorry, I cant get close to you because it will rip you apart when I leave again, sorry I shouted while running away down the street No Eleza no! I cant cope without you screeched mum That was the last time I ever saw my mum. Gun shots were fired shortly after I had left, and I just assumed that the police heard her and found out where she was hiding. I knew that the police would be after me soon so I searched refuge on the out skirts of the village, fortunately a couple were also on the run from the police so I went into a home with them, it wasnt an amazing home but at least it provided a roof over my head and food for my empty stomach. Why are you running from the police? I questioned the couple, because of our religion, people here do not support our beliefs and say that we dont belong in this community they stopped, they were going to say more but they could see that I was too tired to listen and so they rested my head in the cloth and rug bed they had made up for me, I thanked them. I started to shiver as it got later into the night so I moved my bed closer to the raging fire to keep warm. I woke up the next morning still feeling incredibly tired because I didnt sleep very well. The couple were very kind to me, for breakfast they gave me a cup of milk and also a piece of bread. Once I had finished eating my food I told the couple what my situation was and what my plans are, they took it as quite a surprise but understood completely and even offered to help out. Knowing that they were old enough to earn a living I stayed along side them for many days. Later on that evening we gathered around the beaming fire and chatted for hours and hours, that was until there was a knock at the door, shh, Eleza hide quickly said the couple silently. I tip toed towards the wooden toy chest and climbed in. open up! demanded a strong deep voice, The woman opened the door to the strange dark clothed man. on the floor, now! he shouted again The did as he said, I couldnt see everything but I could see through a little hole in the side of the chest. Even before the couple could have a chance to speak, the man shot them both in the head. As that bullet pierced into their skull I cringed and couldnt bare the sight, I wanted to cry but any noise could give me the same shot to the head. The strange dark man left, dragging the 2 bodies behind him. I broke out of the toy chest and went to the bathroom; I splashed water onto my face to revive my self, I knew it wasnt worth getting worked up about as I already had a mission to complete. But this incident just made me more determined to get back at the mayor. Whats next? Chapter 11 Screaming with silent rage I crept through the village of murderers. My mind was spinning and I had headaches slicing in and out my skull. I noticed the mayor walking down the street, I followed not too far behind, by the looks of it he was walking towards the forest, I wanted to go see if Oscar was ok but didnt want to chance getting caught. I gave up on following the mayor because he walked into a building and then just disappeared out of sight. I then focused on getting into the forest to see the construction so far. It had been raining the night before so the way up the hill was wet and slippery, I fell many times, but easily managed to get back up again. When I finally reached the top of the hill I saw that the construction hadnt progressed much at all. I went around back to see more, Eleza.. PST.. Eleza over here came a whisper from behind. hey, how are you here, I saw you had a arrow in your back, you cant be alive! I stepped back in shock, that was a tranquiliser, the guard saw me and assumed I was trying to steal the blueprint, so shot me simple mistake, Im sorry I scared you like that. are you still willing to help me then? I wanted to get this over with so I wasnt going to laze about. dont worry about the building Eleza, since youve been gone I have spoken to the mayor and many arguments were fought, but I have managed to convince them to make the building eco friendly. It will cost a lot more money to make but you are the reason why many animals in this forest will be preserved and protected well done! thank-you for doing this for me, how can I repay you for this? I felt incredibly happy that someone was inspired by me. come down to the mayors office with me tonight, I think he wants to talk to you replied the boy. are you mad! I will be killed! I shouted no seriously I can honestly say that you are safe with me, please trust me as I trusted you before pleaded the boy I felt that if I didnt go then it would be mean because he had helped me out a great deal and I should help him in return. ok then, but if anything should go wrong then may your thoughts be guilty for ever I accepted to see what the mayor wanted. I went off into the forest to get ready for tonight, I found Oscar beneath a big branch where we once stayed. He followed me down to the lake, I took a swim to clean off so not to get bad impressions with the mayor. The time passed and by the time I had dried off and got back to the construction site it was already time to go. come on then we best get a move on I said while already walking. We reached the mayors present house on time, we knocked on the door and waited for a response. Helping out- chapter 12 Enter please spoke a well mannered butler Just stay calm and when the mayor wants to talk then let him demanded the boy Hello Eleza, I have heard many stories of you, I understand that you like to stand up for what you believe in, am I right? said the mayor in a strong voice Yes, you are correct I answer in the simplest way possible I want you to do a favour for me, I will pay for your food and sleeping place, you wonder why, but I really do think that you have the courage we need, do you think you can manage to stand up for what you believe in even if the opposition is bigger?. I thought for a while before proclaiming my reply, I would love to take hold of the responsibility of helping out, but do not understand why you would choose me to do this, I was being chased by your men the other day, how can I know that I can trust you? I still wasnt convinced but if what he was saying was true then I would be overwhelmed and hopefully do a good job. Ok, I guess I should tell you now, I havent been completely straight with you, I will look after the forest here for you, but you must leave to southern Africa to do a job for me, flight is paid for, and you will be helping the green team to help decrease the amount of de forestation, and also in your free time you will be helping the smaller children in the schools but if you do not accept this then your precious forest will be burned to the ground for my house to be bigger! So the choice is yours. It wasnt much of a choice so I just did what I had to and agreed to go. I will go but Oscar must be able to fly over with me! Im sorry but it is illegal for wild animals like Oscar to fly over on the plane with you I knew he was right so I just gave in, but made sure that he is promised to be looked after by the mayor. I looked back and went to talk to my friend, Ive never been to Africa, is this a nice place to be? I havent ever been either, but I do know that it is a third world country, with children that need your help replied my friend. The mayor went out the room and talked to another man about the trip, I was shacking but not because I was scared, just because I was filled with many emotions, I was actually quite excited. Journey and arrival chapter 13 I set off early the following morning and endured 12 long tiring hours on the flight to northern Africa, then another 9 hours on a train to my destination. When I got off the train my legs were numb and floppy. When I arrived I was directed into a small long building and was told what I should do. The mayor explained that he is only here today then will be flying home tomorrow, and then he introduced me to my mentor. Eleza, I hope that your stay here will be pleasurable, my name is Mandisa please come meet our youngest residents in our village. I was taken into a classroom where little children stared at the teacher, they gave her all their attention, there was no shouting, it was just calm nice place to learn. I didnt want to disturb them so instead I went into the village centre and saw just how hard it was for them to survive. Could I have a cup of water please? I asked a local The man said nothing, he walked over to a well and scooped out a bucket of water, I went over to him, he handed me the bucket. Is this what you drink everyday? I wondered I looked into the bucket; the water was cloudy with dirt floating on the surface. This wasnt what I was expecting, I was hoping that the people hadnt been drinking this for too long, this water isnt drinkable and could kill if the wrong bits are drank. It is the end of the school day now, come with me to see the children said Mandisa I followed her to the classroom again and met up with the kids, meeting them made me feel important, I felt like I was a vital part of their lives, and that I could make a difference to their lives. Hello, my name is Keon, whats your name? questioned a young boy Eleza, I am here to help you and your class friends out. Yay, no-ones ever come to our village before, other than Aitan, your mayor Is your mum going to pick you up from school? I just wanted to talk to him, I wanted to make friends. My mum is gone Keon fell silent and faced the ground she is gone, but my dad is in the fields. I have to go; my older sister has a disease and needs all the support she can get. Before I could get a chance to comfort him he was gone. I walked down the road and met up with Mandisa. Come; come quick, its Keons sister! She is in desperate need of help. I didnt rely, I just ran with her to his home. There was a huge gathering of people out side of the house; me and Mandisa stepped into the sweltering house mounted of sad people, the mood was unbearable and cries came from the room that Keons sister lay. I ran into the room and looked into the eyes of the girl, I could see that she was in a cycle of eternal pain; I knew this was an incurable disease and couldnt help but feel sorry for the girl, at such a young age, (2 years younger than me and 3 years older than Keon.) I left the house and went to the little mud cottage where I was staying, I sat on the bed and relaxed, I cant stand emotional moments, it just brings back bad memories that Id rather not think about. There was a knock at the door, Hello, Eleza are you in there? sobbed a voice from behind the door, I went over to the door to find Keon looking at me then grasped my waist and burst into tears I hugged him for over 10 minutes before he let go and sat next to me on the bed and told me the tragic news about his sister. His father kindly invited me to the funeral then took Keon back home to get some sleep. I was shattered and was shocked by how much happened to me in one day, and was glad when the day came to a close. But I was eager to see what tomorrow had in store for me. African life chapter 14 Eleza, Eleza time to get up whispered a soft voice in my ear I couldnt talk because my lips were so dry and crisp they remained sealed, I leapt out of bed. They gave me a towel and a bucket of water to wash my face with. The first job of the day was to cover a simple lesson of spelling; I walked to the classroom with the children and was introduced to them all. I then started off the lesson by asking each individual child what they think their abilities are, this helped me to know what their level of learning is currently. The teachers didnt have books to teach from, just a teacher that goes by memory. I didnt get an education so I wasnt doing anything too complicated; I just went over what I already knew. The school day wasnt very long because the children got too hot in the classroom, after the class Mandisa met me outside. She told me that I was here to make a difference to the peoples lives and that I should try to make some tasks up for myself to complete. I thought for just a few moments then decided what I was going to do next. Keon showed me around the village and pointed over to the forest, or what remained of it anyway. I told him that I will protest against the men but I couldnt use force. I think I have a plan, what is the cutest creature in your forest? I questioned The baby monkeys are cute, they live high in the trees Keon replied Lets go then I shouted to him while running through the forest. Keon knew that there was only a slim chance that my plan would work and so he didnt get his hopes up. It took a while to spot any wildlife in the forest because the noise of the chainsaws had frightened them half to death, I crept up quietly to one of the babies, the mother was higher in the trees so she didnt see me coming, Keon gently lifted down the monkey and handed it to me, then we walked for miles and miles to find the campsite of the tree murderers and once there Keon gave a good firm knock on the door and waited for a response. Whos there came a voice behind them I turned around quickly and addressed them, We are begging you please stop cutting down the trees, so many animals die because you have taken away their home and family, here is a monkey that is calling out for your help I had to make up a sad story about the monkey or it wouldnt take effect. I am just against it as you but we must do this otherwise we are out of jobs and wont be able to afford to survive. I could see that the man wasnt the kind to give up easily and so I diverted to the second plan,you know, we will always have a place for you in the village and even though you have had you arguments with them, Im sure if you stop cutting the trees down they will be happy to take you in. if this didnt work then we were screwed. This is something I will consider, it wont be immediate but you idea will not be discarded, dont come back, we will move Im due course. The turned and walked away into their house, we went back to the village and carefully put the baby monkey back exactly where we found it. I went back to my where I slept the night before and rested there. As I lay I thought about all the changes I could make to this village if I put my mind to it, I wasnt an adult, but the village treated me as one and made me feel wanted. This was when I knew, my dream has become a reality, I wanted to make a difference to the world and help those in more need than me. For once in my life I feel that I have done my parents proud and just wish that they could be here beside me. Everyday for over a month I got up and helped around the village, and every evening I would visit Keons mother and comfort her because the loss of her daughter was still on her mind. I had gone through so many adventures in my life and only in 1 year I had gone half way across the world and have witnessed life and death pass me by, and yet am still at a young age of 14, but my birthday is next week and the village kindly offered to have a little bonfire to celebrate, Keon even offered to sing a traditional African song called Kpanlogo this song had a strong meaning behind it but he wanted to sing it because it had a great tune to it. Free life takes a change chapter 15 Keon was now a big part of my life and was like a brother to me, his mum was a thoughtful woman and she welcomed me into her family. I took the job of permanently teaching his class and in the process I even taught myself new things and the children told me about the animals and wildlife that surrounds them. That night Mandisa walked up to me with tears building up in her eyes, she told me that the mayor said that I couldnt stay any longer, he needed help back home. So unfortunately my time in Africa came to an end. I was heartbroken to leave my new family, I felt like someone when I was there and didnt want to go.

Elder Abuse Essay Example for Free

Elder Abuse Essay Elder abuse or elder mistreatment occurs when a person intentionally or unintentionally brings harm to an elder person. It is also when the health and well-being of an elder is negatively affected. In a research done in the United States had shown 700,000 out of 1. 5 million elders are being mistreated. There are different forms of elder abuse varying from – physical abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, financial exploitation, abandonment and a combination of the forms stated earlier. Anyone can be an abuser, even if he/she is a family to the victim; a member of a formal care center (medical staff, caregiver etc. ; and people within the community where the elder belongs. There are no specific characteristics for these abusers; they cannot be solely distinguished from the crowd. However, we can distinguish elderly people who maybe a victim of elderly mistreatment by observing their behaviors, and by observing his/her environment. Literature Review According to the electronic copy of the â€Å"15 Questions Answers About Elder Abuse† from the National Center on Elder Abuse, elderly mistreatment occurs when intended or carelessly actions brought harm to an elder. Abusers have different personalities and reasons for committing abusive actions to elderly people. Then how do we spot an abuser? Specially at times, when the elder being abused is physically or mentally incapable of reporting to the authorities. Some signs that may indicate occurrences of abuse is when there are visible bruises, slap markings, rashes on the victim’s body; change in behavior (fearful, more aggressive etc. ); isolating themselves; lack proper clothing food; refuse medication; poor living quarters and so on. Other signs to look for in the abusers’ personality are whether he/she is an : alcoholic, had history of domestic abuse; mental illness; bad temper; tendency to blame other people; economic pressure and so on. The above mentioned are just a few informative facts to consider when suspecting of elderly abuse occurrences, either by the abuser or victim’s actions. We have to be aware that currently there are no federal laws protecting elders from elderly mistreatment. However, there are state laws which protect the elderly, like the institutional abuse concerning elderly people in nursing homes and the like. There is also the domestic abuse where elderly abuse falls too, abuse happens within the family. An increasing number of states are becoming responsive in enforcing laws protecting the elders. We are reminded too, to do our part as responsible citizens, that when we suspect of elderly abuse we must inform the police or an adult protective service for them to conduct investigations and provide help to the victims. NCEA also suggested ways to decrease the risk of experiencing elder abuse by – staying busy in life and acquiring a strong support from one’s family; living healthy to avoid dependence when getting old and lastly, trust your instincts when things don’t feel right. As a whole, there are actions being done by the government together with various organizations to fight and decrease the level of elder abuse thru awareness programs and elder abuse prevention activities. Methodology My topic is about elderly abuse which is currently happening around the world. It cannot be denied that more and more elders are experiencing it right now. Thus, awareness to the public must be brought regarding the definition of elder abuse, who are the victims and abusers, how to prevent it and how to report a case of elder abuse. It has come to my awareness that there are numerous organizations created to prevent elder abuse and help those who have been victims of it. Though no federal law has been made specifically for elder abuse, there are state laws present to give corresponding actions and solutions to such cases. As a citizen, I had been informed that I can make a difference, that I can help decrease the cases of elder abuse by being attentive to my surroundings and socially responsive when needed, like if I see an instance of elder abuse there are hotlines that I can call. My small gesture of notifying the authorities will start a proper investigation and will help the elder experiencing abuse. Data Analysis I had stated earlier that elder abuse can be done in many forms. I shall further elaborate how elder abuse takes place: . ) Physical Abuse – when force is used to elderly people causing them harm and injury. It may not necessarily mean that the abuser is beating or hurting the elderly victim, instead it may also be in the form of confining the elder in one place or restraining him/her to act freely. 2. ) Emotional Abuse – hurting and offending the elder verbally which may hurt one’s feeling and cause him/her stress. Forms of verbal abuse are yelling to the person, threatening and blaming the person. Examples of non-verbal abuse are when the elder is being ignored, treated carelessly menacingly, and isolated from the society. 3. ) Neglect or Abandonment – when the elder is unable to take proper medication; lives in a poor living condition; actively or passively not being taken good care of; and when he/she does not receive proper care. 4. ) Financial Exploitation – the abuser (either a family member, caregiver or a third person) uses the victim’s possession and money without permission. This occurs when the victim’s credit card and cash are being used by an unauthorized person; forgery of the victim’s signature; identity theft; financially unable to support one’s self; pension checks being stolen and so on. 5. ) Health Care Fraud Abuse – the abusers are from the medical staff either the doctors, nurses, caregivers and health care institutions. This case is present when there is overcharging, overmedication or opposite; kickbacks from referrals and so on. Anyone is capable of committing elder abuse for different reasons. Some of the most common reasons, however are due to financial interests; lack of patience to take care of the elder; short tempered; feeling superior over the elder since the elder can’t fight back or stand from himself; and the way of thinking of the abusers that their actions won’t be known by other people. Results In some instances though, elder abuse is really unintentional such in the cases of caregivers. When they are pushed beyond their limit and are over-whelmed with stress from work and their personal lives. Influence plays an important part as well, on why elder abuse occurs both from the abuser and victims actions. For the victim’s part, he/she may have been an abuser earlier to the people around him/her; has his/her own tendency to physically or verbally abuse people; and has a domestic history of violence in their home. On the abuser’s part, he/she has previous domestic violence involvement; may be due to drugs or alcoholism; short tempered and so on. In the end though, once it has been proven that there had been elder abuse, the abuser may either go to jail and/or pay for damages done to the victim. The victim on the other hand is given proper help to recover. If abusive actions are not recognized from the start, may cause minor to major damages to the victim. But if elder abuse is detected much earlier, it can be prevented and many will not suffer. In a 1992 article published, and re-posted on the internet, the term â€Å"Granny dumping† has been used pertaining to the abandonment of elderly people. This only shows that elder abuse had been present for a long time, and its population has increased over the years. The good thing is that in present years, proper actions and help is offered to the public, thus creating awareness. Discussion Elder Abuse, or earlier known as ‘Granny dumping’ has long been present. In America alone, according to the studies made, a day won’t pass that an elder is not brought to the emergency room because he/she has been abandoned or maltreated. It is a sad fact that not many are aware that elder abuse exists or that they are doing elder abuse by simply yelling at these elders or by disrespecting them. With the rise of nursing homes, these elderly people are becoming more vulnerable since they are exposed and involved with people whom they don’t know at all. When the family of the elder can no longer take care of him/her, they are sent to nursing institutions. Worse, if the family has no financial means they just leave their elder on the streets. There is nothing wrong in being a caregiver, but if you are becoming over-whelmed with your job you can do these things to avoid elder abuse – seek help from friends/family/institutions, take short leaves; find an adult day care program whenever you feel like your stress-out; adopt stress reduction activities; seek emotional help when needed; and maintain a healthy lifestyle for yourself too. There are numerous ways to prevent elder abuse, but it all has to start within the community we belong and by us, being observant of what’s happening in our surrounding. It may start with our uncomfortable feeling how an elder we know or see is being treated, we can speak up and report it to the authorities. It does not mean that these elderly people can no longer stand up for themselves would remain silent and just take the abuses given to them. We must speak up for them. Conclusion It is clear that elder abuse happens worldwide, the focus of my research paper has been in the U. S. alone. What’s even more disappointing is that most common abusers are the family members of the elder, have they forgotten about the times when their parents or their elderly relatives took care of them? However, the actions of these abusers are clearly wrong but they may have their reason for having committed abuse. Abusers or prospective abusers must seek help whether emotional support or medications for them to avoid improper behavior towards the elderly people. Today, awareness to the public about elder abuse is being given importance. Funds are being set aside and donations are being given to help inform the public and save abused elders. The condition in decreasing the number of elder abuse has strengthened and improved. As more volunteers and organizations are willing to help. Add too, the support obtained locally and internationally from political organizations and leaders. Let’s not forget that abusers are also faced with equivalent punishments and fines for their actions. The simplest help everyone can give, is to be socially aware and responsive to one’s surrounding. It’s like watching for each other’s back, and offering help even in the smallest means. Though the authorities are present, the policemen and various organizations, we have to act first before they can proceed and apply proper actions about the abusive cases. Second, we can apply these reminders in our lives: 1. ) listen to our seniors and their caregivers; 2. ) intervene upon suspicion of elder abuse; and 3. ) educate or inform other people about elder abuse. Lastly, how can we protect our elders and ourselves from elder abuse? By arranging our financial and legal affairs, if legal help is required, obtain one. Second, by staying in touch with our friends, family and relatives to decrease our vulnerability to abuse and the like. And we must keep in mind, that all human beings must be treated well; elders, women, men and children must be treated humanely and be given their needs in life such as proper housing, enough food, required medication, proper clothing and care.

Questions and Answers on DNA and MRNA

Questions and Answers on DNA and MRNA Rumana Anam Q1. What is the full forms of the following: D.N.A Deoxyribonucleic (The Free Dictionary, 2015) MRNA Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (The Free Dictionary, 2015) TRNA Transfer Ribonucleic Acid (The Free Dictionary, 2015) Q2. Complete the following sentences The synthesis of mRNA from DNA is known as:- Transcription (The Free Dictionary, 2015) The synthesis of proteins from RNA is known as:- Protein Synthesis (The Free Dictionary, 2015) Q3. Explain the process of Protein Synthesis detailing the role of DNA, mRNA, tRNA and ribosomes. The process where individual cells make protein is called protein synthesis. DNA and all RNA are both involved in this process. RNA are made by enzymes in the cell’s nucleus which start the process of protein synthesis by way of unwinding the wanted section of the DNA. A copy of one side of the DNA is formed by the RNA, and then is sent to all the other areas of the cell to help to bring altogether the different amino acids that make up proteins. As proteins are synthesised by mechanical and chemical processes within the cells, this process is called protein synthesis. Within the nucleus when the strand of RNA has been made, it is called messenger RNA MRNA. Through opening in the nucleus called pores the MRNA exits the nucleus and goes into the larger area of the cell which is called cytoplasm. As soon as the MRNA leaves the nucleus, it is attracted to a structure called ribosome, which are the cells work station or factory for protein synthesis. Within this point only one sub unit of ribosome is present. Another strand of RNA called transfer RNA, TRNA are activated as the MRNA start to attach to the ribosome sub unit. The TRNA stand finds the correct place to bind to the MRNA, as soon as it finds the place; it binds itself to the MRNA, which on one end holding amino acid. As this happens the other sub unit of ribosome come to completely form a complete structure. Another strand of TRNA appears as the ribosome encircles the strand of RNA. This strand is different from the first strand as it is carrying another amino acid; again the TRNA finds the correct place to bind to the MRNA. With the amino acid as soon as the second strand of TRNA is placed, both of the amino acid joins together aided by the ribosome, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) with its cellular energy. As this pattern continues and repeats itself the chain of amino acid grows longer. As soon as all the amino acids have been placed in the correct sequence, a three-dimensional chain is made. O nce this has happened the protein is complete. When the proteins have been made the two sub-units of ribosome part to be joined later. In many ribosomes within the cell the process of protein synthesis take place there (Wisegeek, 2015). Q4.What is Point Mutation? Evaluate its effects. Point mutation is where there is a change within a gene, where one base pair in the DNA sequenced is changed or altered.Point mutation is most commonly the result of mistakes made during the DNA replication, however if DNA is exposed to x-rays and or ultraviolet radiations, this can also bring on point mutation. The two types of mutations are transition mutation and transversion mutation. Transition mutation happens when a pyrimidine base which is thymine (T) or cytosine (C) changes for another pyrimidine base, or it is when a purine base which is adenine (A) or guanine (G) changes for another purine base. Within a double stranded DNA each base is paired with a certain partner on the corresponding strand. A always pairs with T and C always pairs with G. For example a transition mutation is a GC base pair that swaps an AT base pair. However transversion mutation happens when a purine base changes for a pyrimidine base or the other way around i.e. when a TA or CG swaps for AT pair (Britannica, 2015). Point mutation can be put in three groups, nonsense mutation which is a code for a stop this can shorten the protein. Missense mutation which is a code for a different amino acid and silent mutation which is a code for the same or a different amino acid with no purposeful change in the protein itself. Missense mutation for example causes sickle cell disease, as the beta haemoglobin gene converts a GAG code into a GTG. This codes the amino acid valine instead of glutamic acid (Answers, 2015). The Effects of Point Mutation As all the cells within the body contain DNA therefore there are many places where point mutation can happen. However not all mutations are passed on to the offspring, these do not matter for evolution purposes. The mutations that matter for evolution purposes are those that can be passed on to the offspring, these happen in the reproductive cells eggs and sperm this type of mutation is called germ line mutation. There are three effects of germ line mutation:- No change happens in the phenotype, this is where there is no effect on the organism. This can happen in a part of the DNA strand where there is no function, or it can happen in a protein coding area but does not affect the amino acid sequence of the protein. Small changes happen in the phenotype, a single mutation can cause some cats ears to curl backwards. Significant changes happen in phenotype, this is where significant changes happen within the organism for example sickle cell disease. A single mutation can cause negative effects for the organism for example mutation that cause death, this is called lethal. Mutations are sometimes stereotyped as unimportant or the cause of genetic disease. While many mutations do have a negative effect, other mutations can have a small positive effect. Mutations that control genes can have a huge and sometimes positive effect. As some areas of the DNA control other genes, that decide when and where other genes are turned on, mutation in these parts can considerably change the way an organism is built. This can cause flow of effects in the behaviour of the genes under its control. Organisms have control genes that shape how the body is laid out i.e. the Hox gene is found in humans and animals. This gene sets out where the head goes and where limbs grow. These control gene build the bodies units i.e. limbs, head etc, therefore evolving a huge change in basic body lay out can be likely by a change in the Hox gene and natural selection (Understanding Evolution, 2015). Task 2 Q5. What is the probability of a couple having a boy or a girl? Male X Y Female X X XX = Girl XY= Boy The probability of a couple having a boy is 50%, the probability of a couple having a girl is 50%. Q6 What chromosomal abnormalities occur in the inheritance of Down’s syndrome Down syndrome is a result from trisomy 21, this is where the 21st chromosome has three chromosome and not the normal 2 chromosome. Therefore the individual will have 47 chromosomes and not the normal 46 chromosome. Down syndrome is cause by chromosomal abnormalities that happens randomly in the development stage of reproductive cells within a parent. This normally happens in the egg, but can sometimes happen in the sperm. The mistake in cell division results in a reproductive cell with abnormal number of chromosome, trisomy 21. This condition brings on intellectual disability, a characteristic facial appearance and weak muscle tone, all individual that are effected have cognitive delay (Genetics Home Reference, 2012). Q7. Explain inheritance of a sex-linked condition with a relevant example Hemophilia A and hemophilia B are both inherited sex linked traits, where they are inherited through the X linked recessive pattern. The genes that cause this condition are in the X chromosome, which is one half of the two sex chromosomes, the other being the Y chromosome. As males only have one X chromosome, one changed copy of the gene in the cell is enough to cause this condition. As females have two X chromosomes a mutation would have to have happened in both of the copies of the genes to cause this condition. This is very rare to happen in females as both copies of genes would have to have the same mutation happened to them. Therefore it is rare for females to have hemophilia. Fathers cannot pass on the inherited X linked condition to their sons as this is one of the characteristics of X linked inheritance. Females who have this X linked recessive condition have one mutated gene are called carriers. Female’s carriers have normally half the amount of coagulation factor whi ch is enough for blood clotting. Some female’s carriers have less than half of the normal amount of coagulation factor, these carriers are at risk for abnormal bleeding (About Education, 2015). Q8. Explain the inheritance of either cystic fibrosis or phenylketonuria Cystic fibrosis is a disorder that causes respiratory failure and vitamin deficiencies. Cystic fibrosis effects the secretion of the body i.e. saliva, mucus, sweat and digestive juices. As this secretion should be thin and watery, they are thick and sticky. This causes passageways to be clogged up within the body which causes damage to the pancreas and lungs. Cystic fibrosis is caused by inheriting defected gene from both parents, known as recessive gene. Cystic fibrous cannot be inherited by the off spring, if only one parent has the gene. If the off spring has only one defective gene then they are carriers of cystic fibrosis, this means that they will have the potential to pass on the defective gene to their off spring (eHow, 2015). The off spring labelled Ff are carriers, they have one defective gene but do not have the disorder themselves. In the diagram above both parents are carriers, they have one in four chances of producing an off spring that has cystic fibrosis (Bitesize, 2014). In the diagram above one parent is a carrier, while the other is not. They will not produce an off spring with cystic fibrosis, but are able to produce off springs that are carriers (Bitesize, 2014). Q9 Describe the process of genetic screening explaining the application of DNA recombinant technology in the treatment of a named medical condition.   Genetic testing is a medical test that can indicate any changes in the chromosomes, genes and proteins. The result of genetic testing can help to confirm or reject an alleged genetic condition, disease that the individual may have suspicion of, or help verify their chances of developing and or passing on a genetic disorder to their off spring. Some of the methods of genetic testing can be of these. Molecular genetic testing, this is where the medics study a single gene or short lengths of DNA to find defectiveness or mutation that may lead to a genetic disorder. Chromosomal genetic testing, this is where a whole chromosome and or long lengths of DNA to see if there are any sizable genetic changes i.e. extra copy of chromosome. Biochemical genetic testing, this is where the activity level or the amount of proteins are studied; any abnormalities that are detected can indicate genetic disorder (Genetic Home Reference, 2015). DNA recombinant technology, is a technology that produces DNA artificially. The DNA in living organism has been changed today due to this procedure. This procedure involves taking DNA from two difference sources and merging it together for it to become one single molecule. However this only works when the artificially created DNA has been reproduced, this is known as DNA cloning. The two types of cloning that DNA recombinant technology is used for are, therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning. The reproductive cloning produces an organism with the exact same genetic information from the one that already is living. This type of cloning has been done with Dolly the sheep. Dolly was the first mammal to be reproduced as a genetic copy. Therapeutic cloning, reproduces tissues and or organ and not the whole organism. Therapeutic cloning has a great deal of benefit, i.e. if an organ has cancer it can be replaced with one made from the individuals own DNA. This reduces any likely hood of organ rejection within the body when a tissue or organ transplant is preformed (Wisegeek, 2015). Q10 Discuss the moral and ethical issues raised by DNA recombinant technology Not everyone is in favour of DNA recombinant technology, as they feel that science is playing god by reproducing unnaturally organisms that are not meant to be. And that science is devaluing the uniqueness of life itself. Also that some DNA work involves destroying embryos, this angers some social activist as this death is bought on intently this could be classed as murder. However scientist, argue that the purpose of DNA recombinant technology is to benefit and save human life, and not to destroy it (Wisegeek, 2015). References The free Dictionary 2015, DNA, [online] available at http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/DNA, Last Accessed 18/05/15 The free Dictionary 2015, MRNA, [online] available at http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/mRNA, Last Accessed 18/05/15 The free Dictionary 2015, TRNA, [online] available at http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/tRNA, Last Accessed 18/05/15 WiseGeek 2015, What is Protein Synthesis, [online] available at http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-protein-synthesis.htm, Last accessed 19/05/15 Encyclopaedia Britannica 2015, Point Mutation, [online] available at http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/54744/point-mutation, Last accessed 19/05/15 Answers 2015, What is point mutation, [online] available at http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_point_mutation, Last accessed 20/05/15 Understanding Evolution 2015, The effects of Mutation, [online] available at http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/mutations_05, Last accessed 20/05/15 Genetics Home Reference 2012, Down Syndrome, [online] available at http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/down-syndrome, Last accessed 20/05/15 About Education 2015, Sex linked traits, [online] available at http://biology.about.com/od/genetics/ss/sex-linked-traits.htm, Last accessed 23/05/15 eHow 2015, How is Cystic Fibrosis Inherited, [online] available at http://www.ehow.com/how-does_5049940_cystic-fibrosis-inherited.html, Last accessed 23/05/15 Bitesize 2014, Cystic Fibrosis, [online] available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa_pre_2011/celldivision/inheritance4.shtml, Last accessed 23/05/15 Genetic Home Reference 2015, What is genetic testing, [online] available at http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/testing/genetictesting, Last accessed 23/05/15 WiseGeek 2015, What is Recombinant DNA Technology, [online] available at http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-recombinant-dna-technology.htm, Last accessed 23/05/15

The Jewish Community in Greece Essay -- Judaism Religion Papers

The Jewish Community in Greece Problems with format ?The Jewish community in Greece has a very colorful and intriguing past, but it is also a history filled with undeserved discriminatory acts and hatred.? The earliest Jews came to Greece either in chains or because of persecution, and soon experienced more hardships and troubles.? And just when Greece had overcome its discrimination and its Jews began to breathe easily, the worst persecution of all befell the community.? The Jewish community in Greece was once large and prominent.? In fact, ?the country once boasted some of the most distinguished and ancient Jewish communities in the world.1 But only a shadow of its once glorious past remains, and Jews are currently facing discrimination today.? The best example of Greek Jewry is the city of Thessaloniki, which exemplifies the shifting community throughout history.? Greek Jews are still facing discrimination, but hopefully, Greek sentiment will change. Greek Jews Throughout History ?Scholars are unsure when Jews first settled on the Greek isles, but most agree the earliest were slaves ?forcibly transported to Greece by way of Cyprus, Ionia, and the Greek isles by various enemies of Judah during the biblical period.?2? Jews came in waves to Greece, usually sold into slavery during wars, such as the Hasmonean War and the Maccabean Wars.? Later, when Rome conquered Asia, even more Jews came to Greece to escape Roman rule, and their numbers continued to increase.? Erich Kahler believes that this is just one reason why the number of Jews in Greece increased so steadily.? The other explanation is ?that Judaism was the first proselytizing religion, the first religion with a mission not only for its own tribe, but fo... ...aughtered Jews. The Times Higher Education Supplement? iss. 1241 (Aug. 16 1996):? 18. Murphy, Brian.? ?Israel Complains About Greek Composer?s ?Anti-Semitic? Comments. Associated Press Worldstream.? 12 Nov. 2003, International News. ?State Department Backs US Envoy to Greece in Spat with Athens. Agence France Presse.? 14 Nov. 2003, Domestic. ?Vandals Attack Jewish Site in Northern Greece. Associated Press Worldstream, 9 Oct. 2003, International News. ?Vandals Spray Holocaust Monument in Greece. Agence France Presse, 9 Oct. 2003, International News. Varouhakis, Miron.? ?Jewish Group Issues Olympic Threat Over Suicide Bombings Exhibit. Associated Press Worldstream.? 9 Oct. 2003, International News. ?Wiesenthal Center Urges Jews to Avoid ?Xenophobic? Greece Before Olympics. Associated Press Worldstream.? 20 Nov. 2003, International News.

Elie Wiesel’s Night and Corrie Ten Booms The Hiding Place Essay

Elie Wiesel’s Night and Corrie Ten Boom's The Hiding Place Many outsiders strive but fail to truly comprehend the haunting incident of World War II’s Holocaust. None but survivors and witnesses succeed to sense and live the timeless pain of the event which repossesses the core of human psyche. Elie Wiesel and Corrie Ten Boom are two of these survivors who, through their personal accounts, allow the reader to glimpse empathy within the soul and the heart. Elie Wiesel (1928- ), a journalist and Professor of Humanities at Boston University, is an author of 21 books. The first of his collection, entitled Night, is a terrifying account of Wiesel’s boyhood experience as a WWII Jewish prisoner of Hitler’s dominant and secretive Nazi party. At age 16 he was taken from his home in Sighet, Romania and became one of millions of Jews sent to German concentration camps. At the Auschwitz and Buchenwald, Wiesel witnessed the death of his parents and sister. In 1945, the latter of the camps was overtaken by an American resistance group and the remaining prisoners freed, including the drastically changed man in Wiesel. The once innocent, God-fearing teenager had become a lonely, scarred, doubting individual. Corrie Ten Boom (1892-1983), a religious author and inspirational evangelist, traveled and spread Christianity throughout sixty-one countries, even into her eighties. Her autobiography, The Hiding Place, is an account of her inner strength found through God in the midst of the physical and emotional turmoil of German concentration camps. During World War II, the Ten Boom family took action against the Nazi movement and began an underground hiding system, saving over 700 Jewish lives. (Contemporary Authors, 470) They were discovered and sent from their Haarlem, Holland home to Scheveningen, a Nazi prison. Ten Boom, in her 50’s, was placed on trial for leading the underground system and sent to a German work camp. There she witnessed her father and sister’s death as well as the birth of her inner strength and hope for the future. Upon release from Ravensbruck, Ten Boom began caring for victims of the war and Holocaust and used her powerful speaking ability to share the trials and triumphs of her life. Together, these two powerful authors relive the horror and pain of the Holocaust to educate the unaware world. They teach of the past, warn of the future, an... ...n & Co., Inc., 1962); excerpted and reprinted in Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 3, ed. Carolyn Riley (Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1975), p. 526. Alvarez, A. â€Å"The Literature of the Holocaust† (Random House, 1968); excerpted and reprinted in Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 3, ed. Carolyn Riley (Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1975), p. 527. Appendix II. Popular World Fiction. Vol. 3. Washington, D.C.: Beacham Publishing, 1987. II-35. â€Å"Christians Who Helped Us To Get Started† (Praise Outreach). May. 1996. http://www.wolsi.com/~kitb/influ.html. (5 Dec. 1996). Contemporary Authors. Vol. 111, ed. Hal May. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1984. p. 470. Douglas, Robert E., Jr. â€Å"Elie Wiesel’s Relationship with God.† 3 Aug. 1995. http://www.stsci.edu/~rdouglas/publications/suff/suff.html. Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. Vol. 3, ed. Israel Gutman. New York: Macmillan, 1990. p. 1281. Sidel, Scott. â€Å"All Rivers Run to the Sea: A Review of the Memoirs of Elie Wiesel.† 1995. http://www.netrail.net/~sidel/reviews/wiesel.html. (5 Dec. 1996). Ten Boom, Corrie. The Hiding Place. United States: Bantam Books, 1971. Wiesel, Elie. Night. United States: Bantam Books, 1960.

math graph story :: essays research papers

Between study group, debate, and chess tournaments there wasn’t much of a social scene around Winchester University in Omaha, Nebraska. The school year at this college was year round, but the students were given a 30 day summer vacation in July. The majority of the students went back home to visit their families during this time. But as juniors at the University Charles, Fredrick, and Stanley, all childhood buddies, decided it was time for a change and that they needed a little more spice in their life. Realizing that they were almost twenty-one and had never breached their comfort zone, they knew a road trip was in store.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As June came to an end the nearly grown men finished exams and planned to leave for their escapade the first day of July, also being the 1st day of break. They made a pact to keep the trip a secret until their return, for the main reason that their parents wouldn’t approve. If their families had any question as to why hey weren’t coming home to visit, they would simply say they were staying at the University to get ahead on the following year. This would be a reasonable lie, because no one would expect them to do any different.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The morning of their departure they loaded all the luggage and food that they could into Fredrick’s forest green Ford focus. Before they pulled out of the parking lot they had to lay some ground rules:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ~ No school attire   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ~ No proper English   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ~ No acting like themselves, only the new â€Å"cool† young adults that they were. Freddy, as they called him, established one last rule. They were to stop at four places and the rest of the time they were driving. This gave them a reasonable amount of time to live and get back to the University to start the New Year. And now†¦they were off†¦ As Freddy peeled out of the parking lot Charles, sitting in the passenger seat, turned on 93.3 KTNP modern rock.. The first 3 days of their trip were mainly getting out of the places they had seen time and time again. They didn’t experience much except for driving and eating as they reminisced on the past. Stopping frequently for Stanley’s immensely small bladder they reached about 50 miles the first few days. As they approached the evening on July 3rd they drove by a college, and decided to see if anyone would let them crash for the night.